The philosophic
systems of India are called Darshanas.
The Sanskrit
word Darshana means
Perception. Six Darshanas, namely Nyaya, Vaisesika,
Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta,
are referred to as the Orthodox, or
Astika Darshanas, as they acknowledge the
authority of the Vedas. In contradistinction,
are the three systems Buddhism, Jainism and
the Charvaka schools, referred to as the
Unorthodox, or Nastika Darshanas, as
they do not accept Vedic authority.
The Astika Darshanas
agree that "Moksha", or emancipation from
the Karmic cycle of rebirths, leading
to identity with the Ultimate Reality, is
the highest objective
of existence. The different Darshanas, of
course, diverge on their approaches to
this objective Yoga focusses on disciplines
of mind and body
that lead the individual through cultivation
of a healthy body and mind, into an
active life of rectitude and purpose,
and keep him
on the path of moral advancement, which
will ultimately lead to the same goal.
The other Darshanas have their focus
more on the ultimate goal
itself.
Yoga, in it's
most generic definition, stands for "path"
or "approach", leading to Moksha, though
a literal meaning is "union", referring to
union or identification
with the Ultimate Reality. The doctrine of
Karma postulates
that man accumulates the results of the
good and bad actions
of his lifetime,
into what may be called a moral balance
sheet. And as long
as the balance is not a zero (a
subtle point to be noted here is
that both a positive
and negative balance will invite rebirth),
Moksha will be
out of his reach, and he
has to work it out in a succession
of
lives, which Dr.Radhakrishnan
describes beautifully, as a succession of
spiritual opportunities. There are always,
of course, the rare exceptions, the
Jeevan Muktas, who attain the ultimate
objective within their lifetime,
as living demonstrations that Moksha is no
idle dream, but
an ever-present possiblity
within reach of anyone who has the
will.
The various ideas
and concepts related to Yoga, are collectively
referred to as the
Yoga Sastra, or the Science of Yoga.
References to them
are strewn all over the philosophical
and religious literature of India, and are
addressed in considerable detail in the Gita.
Indeed the
Gita explicitly says
it treats of the Yoga Sastra, and
all it's 18 Chapters
bear the title of a particular Yoga.
All the essential ideas and
concepts from all the different sources have
been assembled together
by Patanjali, making his work,
more or less, a master reference
work on Yoga.
The Yoga Sutra,
as it's title indicates, treats of
it's subject in the form
of the Sutra (meaning a string, here
denoting a string of thoughts, like
a string of gems). The Sutra, corresponds
to the Aphorism, and is a
literary form with an astonishing combination
of depth and brevity. Ancient Sanskrit
works explicitly define a Sutra as a
text that fulfils the
requisites of brevity, clarity, certainty, and
being faultless and comprehensive in meaning.
This literary form was evolved to preserve
accuracy of knowledge content in a
tradition of oral transmission of knowledge,
a tradition that has been responsible
for the preservation of
knowledge in India through thousands of
years with remarkable accuracy.
The philosophical
positions from which the Yoga Sutra
proceeds are twofold : that the physical
world and it's experiences are a reality
(even if relative)
that must inevitably affect our actions and
decisions, a position
called the Satvada; and that
both the physical world and its
experiences are subject to constant and inevitable
change, a position called the Parinamavada.
From the point of view of the latter,
the Yoga Sutra
argues for directing the mind and body
towards change for
the better, and
provides a methodology for doing this. The
methods proposed, include a regulatory regimen
for the body, and practices
that give the mind
the quality of steadiness in the midst
of the unremitting
diversionary efforts of the senses, responding
constantly to the
stimuli of the external world. Obviously
every effort in this direction would give
physical and mental fitness so essential
to taking us forward
on the path to whatever goal we
may set ourselves.
In the Yoga
Sutra, the mind occupies a pivotal
position between body and
higher faculties. All the facets of
how the mind holds the balance between
the physical and the moral being are
treated in the Yoga Sutra in
ways which any modern psychologist would
be proud to own.
Practice of Yoga
in the light of the teachings of the
Yoga Sutra would be
most beneficial. And a study of the
Yoga Sutra would also make for
an ideal entry point
for a study of the Darshanas of India.
The word by
word meaning given in this presentation
of the Yoga Sutra
cannot convey it's inner meaning adequately.
The Sutras can be best
understood only when explained by
a learned scholar or presented as
a free interpretive translation by a
learned teacher. The free translation used
here is that of Sri.T.K.V.Desikachar, as
set out in his wonderful text
book on Yoga, entitled "The Heart Of
Yoga". Where different versions
of a Sutra exist, or where altenate
meanings are possible, this is
indicated in a few illustrative instances,
in a brief note under the concerned
Sutra.
Apart from his
own profound scholarship, this work of
Sri. Desikachar bears the stamp and authority
of his father and Preceptor, Sri. T.Krishnamacharya,
in whose name the Yoga Mandiram at
Chennai has been
founded by Sri. Desikachar. When Sri Krishnamacharya
died
in 1989 at the
age of 101, he was one of the
greatest teachers and practitioners of Yoga
in contemporary India. If an abiding
interest in Yoga
has become well established throughout the
world today, it owes much to his great
contribution, in training many teachers to
carry this knowledge to different parts
of the world. Sri.Krishnamacharya was a profound
realist, who saw that the individual's progress
to any objective, near or distant,
rested ultimately on a sound physical body.
Yet his own
perceptions spanned the whole path from health
for the body to moksha for the
soul. And this sweeping vision he attributed
to study of
the Yoga Sutra.
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 SAMADHIPADAH
51 SLOKAS
CHAPTER 2 SADHANAPADAH
55 SLOKAS
CHAPTER 3 VIBHUTIPADAH
55 SLOKAS
CHAPTER 4 KAIVALYAPADAH
35 SLOKAS
TOTAL No OF SLOKAS
195 SLOKAS
PROCEED TO CHAPTER - 1 RETURN TO MAIN INDEX OF YOGA SUTRA