THE RUDRAM
PRESENTATION BY
J.B.BHATT
RAMA VENKATARAMAN
AND ALAMELU RAMAKRISHNAN
INTRODUCTION
The Rudram-Chamakam
figures in the 4th. of
the 6 Kandas of the
Taittiriya Samhita of the Yajur
Veda. It is also called
the Satarudriyam because versions
of it are to be
found in the more than
100 Sakas of the Yajur
and other Vedas. At it's
core is to be found the Panchakshara
Mantra - nmizvay
- the five-lettered Mantra
considered among the holiest
of Mantras. The Rudram is
so central to religious
belief that it figures in
all important religious rites. It
has a higher philosophical import
of leading to
liberation and is therefore also referred
as the Rudropanishad, and is
recommended for everyday recitation.
The Rudram
is addressed to worship
of the Lord Siva, who
is said to give to
the devotee who seeks His
Grace anything that is
asked for, from the worldly
to the other worldly. The
Rudram occurs in two sloka
sequences, the first called
the Namakam and the second,
the Chamakam. The Namakam,
is so called because each
of its slokas ends with
the word
nm>
to signify the devotee's
offering. These slokas are
spread over 11 Chapters
or Anuvakas The Chamakam is so
called because each
of it's slokas
ends with the words c
me , to
a devotee asking for himself
all the things he could
possibly want. A higher
philosophical
implication is that
the devotee can get
whatever he may desire
by recognising his essential identity
with everything that he sees as separate
from himself.. The
Chamakam is also composed of
11 Anuvakas.
Recitation
of the Rudram-Chamakam is
prescibed at massive levels
of repetition according to a
specific pattern. The first
is the ordinary level where
the 11 Anuvakas of the
Rudram and 11 of the
Chamakam are recited in
full once. In the Rudrahadasini,
the 11 Anuvakas of the
Rudram are repeated after
a full recitation of each
Anuvaka of the
Chamakam. 11 repetitions
of the Rudrahadasini make
a Laghu Rudram, 11 Laghu
Rudrams make a Maha Rudram
and 11 Maha Rudrams make an
Ati Rudram. The fact that
the ordinary Rudram is a common
feature of the frequent
religious observances in every
home and that the larger
versions are organised frequently
in the community are an
indication of the powerful hold
of the Rudram on the
religious faith of the
people.
A special
feature of this presentation
is that the text of
the Slokas are given with
the Vedic notations that
indicate how their recitation
is to be modulated. The
IIT Software used to create
the texts provide for these
notation symbols which are
as follows :
k/
(
AnudaÄ<
) - (the Anudhatam
- a dash under a
letter) - indicates ........
k?
( Svirt<
) - (the
Svaritam - a mark above a letter)
- indicates
........
kš
( dI"RSvirt<
) - (the
Dheergasvaritam - a double
mark above a letter) -
indicates ........
k/?
( k<ipt<
) - (the Kampitam
- a mark above and
a dash under a letter)
- indicates ........
A few
lines in the start of the main text
(marked with three asterisks
i.e. *** ) provide
hyper links to sound files
that illustrate how the
slokas marked with these
symbols are to be recited.
Right intonation
is so central to Vedic
chanting that a slight
shift
in emphasis could
lead to a wrong meaning
with unintended consequences. This
point is made in an ancient
verse that runs thus:
mÙae
hIn> Svrtae v[Rtaeva imTw!yaàyuae
n tdwRmah ,
s vaGv¿ae
yjman< ihniSt ywENÔzÇu>
Svrtaepraxat! .
The translation
of the verse runs thus:
The one who
intonates wrongly the letter
or Svr
will get hit
as the chant becomes deficient,
as in the instance of
use of the word `Indra
satru', which suffered from deficiency
in intonation.
The `Indra
Satru' example cited above
is a reference to the
demon Vrtra being born in
response to the penance
of his father who prayed
for a son
who would kill his enemy, the
god Indra. The prayer unwittingly articulated
#NÔ?
zÇu?vRxRSv as
#NÔ/ zÇu?vRxRSv
which changed the meaning
from `one who will slay
Indra' to `one who will
be slain by Indra' ,
and thus it was that
Vrtra was slain as a
result of an intonation error
in his father's prayer.This
also provides the rationale
for the ancient tradition
of oral transmission of
knowledge, based on
direct learning from
a guru, where, both interpretative
nuances and oral nuances would
never be missed. The critical
importance of learning by
attentive hearing is seen
from the fact that the
Scriptures are referred
to as Sruti,
meaning, that which was
heard, that is, that
the divine words were first
heard by the seers.
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